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Journal Article

Synergies and Trade-offs between Ghana's Nationally Determined Contributions and Sustainable Development Goals

Date Published
14 Oct 2025
Authors
Justice Sebuga Kotani Mark McCarthy Akrofi Mahesti Okitasari
Journal
Next Research, Volume 2, Issue 4, December 2025
Article Number
100938

This study explores the interlinkages, synergies, and trade-offs between Ghana’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement and the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing on data from Ghana’s updated NDCs, Fourth Biennial Update Report, Voluntary National Reviews, National Climate Change Policy, and annual progress reports, the study examines 14 harmonised unconditional mitigation measures and systematically maps their interlinkages to SDGs through a content analysis matrix. The findings reveal that unconditional mitigation measures demonstrate interlinkages with 80% of the SDGs (14 out of 17), particularly in sectors like Energy, Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), and Waste. However, socially oriented goals, such as SDGs 4, 5, 6, 16, and 17, were featured less, reflecting broader global trends where social development goals are often secondary to mitigation measures. NDC measures such as improved cookstoves, renewable energy deployment, and afforestation programs synergise most strongly with SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 15, and SDG 8. These synergies stem from the socio-economic and environmental benefits of mitigation measures. However, evidence indicates trade-offs from land use conflicts, and socio-economic disparities, underscoring the complexities of aligning climate and development goals. Challenges such as financial constraints, institutional misalignment, and limited capacity hinder the effective implementation of mitigation measures while advancing SDGs. The study underscores the need for policy coherence, innovative financing mechanisms, and capacity-building efforts to maximise synergies and minimise trade-offs.

Suggested citation: Justice Sebuga Kotani, Akrofi Mark and Okitasari Mahesti. "Synergies and Trade-offs between Ghana's Nationally Determined Contributions and Sustainable Development Goals," Next Research 2, no. 4, December 2025 (2025) 10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100938